The Resource Of Tap Water - 854 Words

Water is a seemingly abundant source that is vital for basic life on Earth. This element not only acts as a catalyst for human survival but is constitutional for certain entities of architecture such as passive water cooling or permeable paving. Water is a renewable natural resource, but society’s uneconomical uses of this depleting resource may lead to a future of drought. Generally speaking, one of the main types of water is tap water, which is water that undergoes through of series of treatments that maintains a governmentally accepted water quality. In this paper, the resource of tap water will be analysed through its process of its development, social expectations and inevitable consequences that underlie in this resource. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are the basic components which fundamentally make up a water molecule. However with the process of water treatment, chemicals such as chlorine (Cl) or ozone (O3) are added to improve the safety and quality of the water (Water, 2014). Before the system of water treatment was adopted, drinking water was often contaminated with bacteria which led to water-borne illnesses such as cholera and typhoid. The concept of treating water was adopted in India using the technique of sunlight to destroy bacteria, charcoal filtering and storage of drinking water in copper compartments (Water, 2013). The city of Toronto receives their tap water from Lake Ontario and is filtered through Toronto’s four Treatment Plants asShow MoreRelatedThe Best Alternative Bottle Water V. Tap Water999 Words   |  4 PagesBest Alternative Bottle Water V. Tap Water In the essay Bad To the Last Drop the author Standage claims that people are wasting money on bottled water when there is no difference between it and tap water. Water is the one thing that all humans need; it is an essential element to keeping us alive because it helps our bodies stay hydrated and helps regulate temperature by creating sweat. The different ways that people receive water varies, but the two leading ways to acquire water in first world countriesRead MoreBottled Water And Water Treatment Process Levels Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesFirst, water is an important resource for consumers and the environment. Water is needed in the body to maintain health and the body’s mechanism. â€Å"People cannot survive without water resources in their everyday lives, which cost, taste, or health factors the cause for choice and how water consumption affects people and the environment† (Mythri, Chandu, Prashant, Subba, 2010, p. 515). The challenge is understanding the r isk of drinking water, from either bottled water or tap water, and the adverseRead MoreThe Choice Of Bottled Water Over Tap Water Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof Bottled Water over Tap Water First, water is an important resource for consumers and the environment. The body needs water to maintain health and the body’s mechanism to work properly. â€Å"People cannot survive without water resources in their everyday lives, which cost, taste, or health factors the cause for choice and how water consumption affects people and the environment† (Mythri, Chandu, Prashant, Subba, 2010, p. 515). The challenge is understanding the risk of drinking water, from eitherRead MoreThe Effects Of Bottled Water On Human Being s Health And The Natural Environment1677 Words   |  7 PagesBottled water is one of products popularly consumed back to a few decades. Result from the production of bottled water, people likely prefer to drink bottled water than tap water while some researches find out the fact that water in bottle are not as safe as water provided by state companies. Why people choose to drink bottled water and whether bottled water is pure as advertisement are the crucial concerns, together with the effect of bottled water on human being’s health and the natural environmentRead MoreThe Human Footprint of Plastic Water bottles Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesDistribution: Plastic water bottles are considered one of the healthiest beverages you can find in any shop. But are they really all that healthy for the environment, or is there a fine line between a plastic bottled water drink and what’s best for everyone? Let’s take a look at bottled water from the very start to find out. To manufacture plastic bottles, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used, and to produce PET, crude oil and natural gas is required. If one fills a plastic water bottle 1/4th fullRead MoreThe Health Of Clean Water1248 Words   |  5 PagesFew resources are essential to human survival. Access to clean water is the most critical of all. Water is a vital resource responsible for sustaining all life on earth. However, clean water is in short supply, but in high demand in all parts of the world. It is thought that most Americans have access to safe, affordable, clean water right from their taps. However, the media is uncovering the true nature of America’s det eriorating water situation. Americans have reason to be seriously concerned aboutRead MoreTap Water Vs Bottled Water957 Words   |  4 PagesTap water vs bottled water. One of the most significant resources in our life is water. However, when it comes to drinking water, people should be careful on choosing whether the water they are drinking is pure and healthy for them or not. People can make their own choice to drink a tap water or bottled water. Most people believe that bottled water is healthier than drinking tap water. However, they should take a look at the adverse effects of bottled water before they consume it. BottleRead MoreSelling Bottled Water By Peter Gleick1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe chapter â€Å"Selling Bottled Water†, by Peter Gleick, works within the argument of Cynthia Barnett’s â€Å"Business in a Bottle†, which illustrates the superficial and deceptive image of bottled water, due to false advertising and pseudoscientific claims by greedy bottling companies. The companies take advantage of a free resource and make millions in profit. Although utilizing different styles, Gleick and Barnett’ s grounds intertwine, exposing bottling companies’ manipulative tricks while opening theRead MoreThe Plage of Bottled Water1073 Words   |  4 Pageswhich is greatest harm to the human race and all Earths inhabitants? Bottled water is the most massed produced plastic products around to date. The bottled water is supposedly safer, easier to tote, and helps the economy by providing jobs for citizens. Bottled water may taste better than regular tap water, but the purity of the water comes at a price that is often disclosed to the public. The CEO’s of the massive bottled water companies continue to see growth as the years pass on, but on the other handRead MoreHow Harmful Can Bottled Water Be?1031 Words   |  5 PagesBottled water has become a controversial topic as of late. There are always two sides to every argument, some think that bottled water is beneficial to society, whereas some people think that it is detrimental to society as a whole. Bottled water is detrime ntal to society because it costs the country an abundance of money. It is also harmful to society because it is damaging to the environment. A lack of sanitation in bottled water has also been connected to illnesses among people who drink it. Bottled

The Social Work Profession Within The United States Military

PART I: PUBLIC POSITIONS The Social Work profession adheres to the belief that there is diversity in gender expression; rather than being static, gender expression is fluid and variable among our population. Regardless of gender--including those who are transgender--everyone should be afforded the same respect and rights that all citizens are entitled to--this includes the right to serve openly in the United States military. Discrimination and prejudice aimed at anyone due to their gender identity or gender expression is damaging to the social, emotional, psychological, physical, and economic well-being of the affected individuals, as well as society as a whole. Discriminatory legislation and regulations denying transgender people the†¦show more content†¦Military regulations effectively prohibit service by transgender people. There are two general brackets of regulations that apply to transgender individuals: medical and conduct regulations. Transgender people will be rejected by invocation of medical or psychological rationales (medical regulations), or they may be rejected for behavior that is deemed to reflect negatively on themselves or the military (conduct regulations.) As per medical regulations, transgender individuals may be disqualified from joining the military as a result of any type of genital surgery, since this is an area of assessment and examination during the initial medical evaluation. Medical support necessary for transitioning service member is not provided. If a current transgender service member seeks treatment from civilian healthcare providers, they still must report such treatment to the military. Failure to abide by these regulations will result in criminal prosecution by the military. As per conduct regulations, there are strict regulations for uniform and grooming standards by sex. Any cross-dressing or anything perceived as cross-dressing, even in the context of following medical protocol in advance of full transition, will be considered a violation of military regulations and result in discipline, discharge, or criminal prosecution. However, even if an individual has not had surgery, but identifies as transgender, this

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 18 Overthrow Free Essays

string(79) " was helping Raych into a formal costume that neither was quite familiar with\." THALUS, EMMER-†¦ A sergeant in the armed security forces of the Wye Sector of ancient Trantor†¦ †¦ Aside from these totally unremarkable vital statistics, nothing is known of the man except that on one occasion he held the fate of the Galaxy in his fist. Encyclopedia Galactica 87. Breakfast the next morning was served in an alcove near the rooms of the captured three and it was luxurious indeed. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 18 Overthrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now There certainly was a considerable variety to the food and more than enough of everything. Seldon sat at the breakfast table with a mound of spicy sausages before him, totally ignoring Dors Venabili’s gloomy predictions concerning stomachs and colic. Raych said, â€Å"The dame†¦ the Madam Mayor said when she came to see me last night-â€Å" â€Å"She came to see you?† said Seldon. â€Å"Yeah. She said she wanted to make sure I was comfortable. She said when she had a chance she would take me to a zoo.† â€Å"A zoo?† Seldon looked at Dors. â€Å"What kind of zoo can they have on Trantor? Cats and dogs?† â€Å"There are some aboriginal animals,† said Dors, â€Å"and I imagine they import some aboriginals from other worlds and there are also the shared animals that all the worlds have-other worlds having more than Trantor, of course. As a matter of fact, Wye has a famous zoo, probably the best on the planet after the Imperial Zoo itself.† Raych said, â€Å"She’s a nice old lady.† â€Å"Not that old,† said Dors, â€Å"but she’s certainly feeding us well.† â€Å"There’s that,† admitted Seldon. When breakfast was over, Raych left to go exploring. Once they had retired to Dors’s room, Seldon said with marked discontent, â€Å"I don’t know how long we’ll be left to ourselves. She’s obviously plotted ways of preoccupying our time.† Dors said, â€Å"Actually, we have little to complain of at the moment. We’re much more comfortable here than we were either in Mycogen or Dahl.† Seldon said, â€Å"Dors, you’re not being won over by that woman, are you?† â€Å"Me? By Rashelle? Of course not. How can you possibly think so?† â€Å"Well, you’re comfortable. You’re well-fed. It would be natural to relax and accept what fortune brings.† â€Å"Yes, very natural. And why not do that?† â€Å"Look, you were telling me last night about what’s going to happen if she wins out. I may not be much of a historian myself, but I am willing to take your word for it and, actually, it makes sense-even to a nonhistorian. The Empire will shatter and its shards will be fighting each other for†¦ for†¦ indefinitely. She must be stopped.† â€Å"I agree,† said Dors. â€Å"She must be. What I fail to see is how we can manage to do that little thing right at this moment.† She looked at Seldon narrowly. â€Å"Hari, you didn’t sleep last night, did you?† â€Å"Did you?† It was apparent he had not. Dors stared at him, a troubled look clouding her face. â€Å"Have you lain awake thinking of Galactic destruction because of what I said?† â€Å"That and some other things. Is it possible to reach Chetter Hummin?† This last was said in a whisper. Dors said, â€Å"I tried to reach him when we first had to flee arrest in Dahl. He didn’t come. I’m sure he received the message, but he didn’t come. It may be that, for any of a number of reasons, he just couldn’t come to us, but when he can he will.† â€Å"Do you suppose something has happened to him?† â€Å"No,† said Dors patiently. â€Å"I don’t think so.† â€Å"How can you know?† â€Å"The word would somehow get to me. I’m sure of it. And the word hasn’t gotten to me.† Seldon frowned and said, â€Å"I’m not as confident as you are about all this. In fact, I’m not confident at all. Even if Hummin came, what can he do in this case? He can’t fight all of Wye. If they have, as Rashelle claims, the best-organized army on Trantor, what will he be able to do against it?† â€Å"There’s no point in discussing that. Do you suppose you can convince Rashelle-bang it into her head somehow-that you don’t have psychohistory?† â€Å"I’m sure she’s aware that I don’t have it and that I’m not going to get it for many years-if at all. But she’ll say I have psychohistory and if she does that skillfully enough, people will believe her and eventually they will act on what she says my predictions and pronouncements are-even if I don’t say a word.† â€Å"Surely, that will take time. She won’t build you up overnight. Or in a week. To do it properly, it might take her a year.† Seldon was pacing the length of the room, turning sharply on his heel and striding back. â€Å"That might be so, but I don’t know. There would be pressure on her to do things quickly. She doesn’t strike me as the kind of woman who has cultivated the habit of patience. And her old father, Mannix IV, would be even more impatient. He must feel the nearness of death and if he’s worked for this all his life, he would much prefer to see it done a week before his death rather than a week after. Besides-â€Å" Here he paused and looked around the empty room. â€Å"Besides what?† â€Å"Well, we must have our freedom. You see, I’ve solved the psychohistory problem.† Dors’s eyes widened. â€Å"You have it! You’ve worked it out.† â€Å"Not worked it out in the full sense. That might take decades†¦ centuries, for all I know. But I now know it’s practical, not just theoretical. I know it can be done so I must have the time, the peace, the facilities to work at it. The Empire must be held together till I-or possibly my successors-will learn how best to keep it so or how to minimize the disaster if it does split up despite us. It was the thought of having a beginning to my task and of not being able to work at it, that kept me up last night.† 88. It was their fifth day in Wye and in the morning Dors was helping Raych into a formal costume that neither was quite familiar with. You read "Prelude to Foundation Chapter 18 Overthrow" in category "Essay examples" Raych looked at himself dubiously in the holomirror and saw a reflected image that faced him with precision, imitating all his motions but without any inversion of left and right. Raych had never used a holomirror before and had been unable to keep from trying to feel it, then laughing, almost with embarrassment, when his hand passed through it while the image’s hand poked ineffectually at his real body. He said at last, â€Å"I look funny.† He studied his tunic, which was made of a very pliant material, with a thin filigreed belt, then passed his hands up a stiff collar that rose like a cup past his ears on either side. â€Å"My head looks like a ball inside a bowl.† Dors said, â€Å"But this is the sort of thing rich children wear in Wye. Everyone who sees you will admire you and envy you.† â€Å"With my hair all stuck down?† â€Å"Certainly. You’ll wear this round little hat.† â€Å"It’ll make my head more like a ball.† â€Å"Then don’t let anyone kick it. Now, remember what I told you. Keep your wits about you and don’t act like a kid.† â€Å"But I am a kid,† he said, looking up at her with a wide-eyed innocent expression. â€Å"I’m surprised to hear you say that,† said Dors. â€Å"I’m sure you think of yourself as a twelve-year-old adult.† Raych grinned. â€Å"Okay. I’ll be a good spy.† â€Å"That’s not what I’m telling you to be. Don’t take chances. Don’t sneak behind doors to listen. If you get caught at it, you’re no good to anyone-especially not to yourself.† â€Å"Aw, c’mon, Missus, what do ya think I am? A kid or somethin’?† â€Å"You just said you were, didn’t you, Raych? You just listen to everything that’s said without seeming to. And remember what you hear. And tell us. That’s simple enough.† â€Å"Simple enough for you to say, Missus Venabili,† said Raych with a grin, â€Å"and simple enough for me to do.† â€Å"And be careful.† Raych winked. â€Å"You bet.† A flunky (as coolly impolite as only an arrogant flunky can be) came to take Raych to where Rashelle was awaiting him. Seldon looked after them and said thoughtfully, â€Å"He probably won’t see the zoo, he’ll be listening so carefully. I’m not sure it’s right to thrust a boy into danger like that.† â€Å"Danger? I doubt it. Raych was brought up in the slums of Billibotton, remember. I suspect he has more alley smarts than you and I put together. Besides, Rashelle is fond of him and will interpret everything he does in his favor. Poor woman.† â€Å"Are you actually sorry for her, Dors?† â€Å"Do you mean that she’s not worth sympathy because she’s a Mayor’s daughter and considers herself a Mayor in her own right-and because she’s intent on destroying the Empire? Perhaps you’re right, but even so there are some aspects of her for which one might show some sympathy. For instance, she’s had an unhappy love affair. That’s pretty evident. Undoubtedly, her heart was broken-for a time, at least.† Seldon said, â€Å"Have you ever had an unhappy love affair, Dors?† Dors considered for a moment or two, then said, â€Å"Not really. I’m too involved with my work to get a broken heart.† â€Å"I thought as much.† â€Å"Then why did you ask?† â€Å"I might have been wrong.† â€Å"How about you?† Seldon seemed uneasy. â€Å"As a matter of fact, yes. I have spared the time for a broken heart. Badly cracked, anyway.† â€Å"I thought as much.† â€Å"Then why did you ask?† â€Å"Not because I thought I might be wrong, I promise you. I just wanted to see if you would lie. You didn’t and I’m glad.† There was a pause and then Seldon said, â€Å"Five days have passed and nothing has happened.† â€Å"Except that we are being treated well, Hari.† â€Å"If animals could think, they’d think they were being treated well when they were only being fattened for the slaughter.† â€Å"I admit she’s fattening the Empire for the slaughter.† â€Å"But when?† â€Å"I presume when she’s ready.† â€Å"She boasted she could complete the coup in a day and the impression I got was that she could do that on any day.† â€Å"Even if she could, she would want to make sure that she could cripple the Imperial reaction and that might take time.† â€Å"How much time? She plans to cripple the reaction by using me, but she is making no effort to do so. There is no sign that she’s trying to build up my importance. Wherever I go in Wye I’m unrecognized. There are no Wyan crowds gathering to cheer me. There’s nothing on the news holocasts.† Dors smiled. â€Å"One would almost suppose that your feelings are hurt at not being made famous. You’re naive, Hari. Or not a historian, which is the same thing. I think you had better be more pleased that the study of psychohistory will be bound to make a historian of you than that it may save the Empire. If all human beings understood history, they might cease making the same stupid mistakes over and over.† â€Å"In what way am I naive?† asked Seldon lifting his head and staring down his nose at her. â€Å"Don’t be offended, Hari. I think it’s one of your attractive features, actually.† â€Å"I know. It arouses your maternal instincts and you have been asked to take care of me. But in what way am I naive?† â€Å"In thinking that Rashelle would try to propagandize the population of the Empire, generally, into accepting you as seer. She would accomplish nothing in that way. Quadrillions of people are hard to move quickly. There is social and psychological inertia, as well as physical inertia. And, by coming out into the open, she would simply alert Demerzel.† â€Å"Then what is she doing?† â€Å"My guess is that the information about you-suitably exaggerated and glorified-is going out to a crucial few. It is going to those Viceroys of sectors, those admirals of fleets, those people of influence she feels look kindly upon her-or grimly upon the Emperor. A hundred or so of those who might rally to her side will manage to confuse the Loyalists just long enough to allow Rashelle the First to set up her New Order firmly enough to beat off whatever resistance might develop. At least, I imagine that is how she reasons.† â€Å"And yet we haven’t heard from Hummin.† â€Å"I’m sure he must be doing something just the same. This is too important to ignore.† â€Å"Has it occurred to you that he might be dead?† â€Å"That’s a possibility, but I don’t think so. If he was, the news would reach me.† â€Å"Here?† â€Å"Even here.† Seldon raised his eyebrows, but said nothing. Raych came back in the late afternoon, happy and excited, with descriptions of monkeys and of Bakarian demoires and he dominated the conversation during dinner. It was not until after dinner when they were in their own quarters that Dors said, â€Å"Now, tell me what happened with Madam Mayor, Raych. Tell me anything she did or said that you think we ought to know.† â€Å"One thing,† said Raych, his face lighting up. â€Å"That’s why she didn’t show at dinner, I bet.† â€Å"What was it?† â€Å"The zoo was closed except for us, you know. There were lots of us-Rashelle and me and all sorts of guys in uniforms and dames in fancy clothes and like that. Then this guy in a uniform-a different guy, who wasn’t there to begin with-came in toward the end and he said something in a low voice and Rashelle turned to all the people and made with her hand like they shouldn’t move and they didn’t. And she went a little ways away with this new guy, so she could talk to him and no one could hear her. Except I kept paying no attention and kept looking at the different cages and sort of moved near to Rashelle so I could hear her. â€Å"She said, ‘How dare they?’ like she was real mad. And the guy in the uniform, he looked nervous-I just got quick looks because I was trying to make out like I was watching the animals-so mostly I just heard the words. He said somebody-I don’t remember the name, but he was a general or somethin’. He said th is general said the officers had sworn religious to Rashelle’s old man-â€Å" â€Å"Sworn allegiance,† said Dors. â€Å"Somethin’ like that and they was nervous about havin’ to do what a dame says. He said they wanted the old man or else, if he was kind of sick, he should pick some guy to be Mayor, not a dame.† â€Å"Not a dame? Are you sure?† â€Å"That’s what he said. He like whispered it. He was so nervous and Rashelle was so mad she could hardly speak. She said, ‘I’ll have his head. They will all swear allegiance to me tomorrow and whoever refuses will lave cause to regret it before an hour has passed.’ That’s exactly what she said. She broke up the whole party and we all came back and she didn’t say one word to me all the time. Just sat there, looking kinda mean and angry.† Dors said, â€Å"Good. Don’t you mention this to anyone, Raych.† â€Å"Course not. Is it what you wanted?† â€Å"Very much what I wanted. You did well, Raych. Now, go to your room and forget the whole thing. Don’t even think about it.† Once he was gone, Dors turned to Seldon and said, â€Å"This is very interesting. Daughters have succeeded fathers-or mothers, for that matter-and held Mayoralties or other high offices on any number of occasions. There have even been reigning Empresses, as you undoubtedly know, and I can’t recall that there was ever in Imperial history any serious question of serving under one. It makes one wonder why such a thing should now, arise in Wye.† Seldon said, â€Å"Why not? We’ve only recently been in Mycogen, where women are held in a total lack of esteem and couldn’t possibly hold positions of power, however minor.† â€Å"Yes, of course, but that’s an exception. There are other places where women dominate. For the most part, though, government and power have been more or less equisexual. If more men tend to hold high positions, it is usually because women tend to be more bound-biologically-to children.† â€Å"But what is the situation in Wye?† â€Å"Equisexual, as far as I know. Rashelle didn’t hesitate to assume Mayoral power and I imagine old Mannix didn’t hesitate to grant it to her. And she was surprised and furious at encountering male dissent. She can’t have expected it.† Seldon said, â€Å"You’re clearly pleased at this. Why?† â€Å"Simply because it’s so unnatural that it must be contrived and I imagine Hummin is doing the contriving.† Seldon said thoughtfully, â€Å"You think so?† â€Å"I do,† said Dors. â€Å"You know,† said Seldon, â€Å"so do I.† 89. It was their tenth day in Wye and in the morning Hari Seldon’s door signal sounded and Raych’s high-pitched voice outside was crying out, â€Å"Mister! Mister Seldon! It’s war!† Seldon took a moment to swap from sleep to wakefulness and scrambled out of bed. He was shivering slightly (the Wyans liked their domiciles on the chilly side, he had discovered quite early in his stay there) when he threw the door open. Raych bounced in, excited and wide-eyed. â€Å"Mister Seldon, they have Mannix, the old Mayor’. They have-â€Å" â€Å"Who have, Raych?† â€Å"The Imperials, Their jets came in last night all over. The news holocasts are telling all about it. It’s on in Missus’s room. She said to let ya sleep, but I figured ya would wanner know.† â€Å"And you were quite right.† Seldon pausing only tong enough to throw on a bathrobe, burst into Dors’s room. She was fully dressed and was watching the holo-set in the alcove. Behind the clear, small image of a desk sat a man, with the Spaceship-and-Sun sharply defined on the left-front of his tunic. On either side, two soldiers, also wearing the Spaceship-and-Sun, stood armed. The officer at the desk was saying, â€Å"-is under the peaceful control of his Imperial Majesty. Mayor Mannix is safe and well and is in full possession of his Mayoral powers under the guidance of friendly Imperial troops. He will be before you soon to urge calm on all Wyans and to ask any Wyan soldiers still in arms to lay them down.† There were other news holocasts by various newsmen with unemotional voices, all wearing Imperial armbands. The news was all the same: surrender by this or that unit of the Wyan security forces after firing a few shots for the record-and sometimes after no resistance at all. This town center and that town center were occupied-and there were repeated views of Wyan crowds somberly watching Imperial forces marching down the streets. Dors said, â€Å"It was perfectly executed, Hari. Surprise was complete. There was no chance of resistance and none of consequence was offered.† Then Mayor Mannix IV appeared, as had been promised. He was standing upright and, perhaps for the sake of appearances, there were no Imperials in sight, though Seldon was reasonably certain that an adequate number were present just out of camera range. Mannix was old, but his strength, though worn, was still apparent. His eyes did not meet the holo-camera and his words were spoken as though forced upon him-but, as had been promised, they counseled Wyans to remain calm, to offer no resistance, to keep Wye from harm, and to cooperate with the Emperor who, it was hoped, would survive long on the throne. â€Å"No mention of Rashelle,† said Seldon. â€Å"It’s as though his daughter doesn’t exist.† â€Å"No one has mentioned her,† said Dors, â€Å"and this place, which is, after all, her residence-or one of them-hasn’t been attacked. Even if she manages to slip away and take refuge in some neighboring sector, I doubt she will be safe anywhere on Trantor for long.† â€Å"Perhaps not,† came a voice; â€Å"but I’ll be safe here for a little while.† Rashelle entered. She was properly dressed, properly calm. She was even smiling, but it was no smile of joy; it was, rather, a cold baring of teeth. The three stared at her in surprise for a moment and Seldon wondered if she had any of her servants with her or if they had promptly deserted her at the first sign of adversity. Dors said a little coldly, â€Å"I see, Madam Mayor, that your hopes for a coup can not be maintained. Apparently, you have been forestalled.† â€Å"I have not been forestalled. I have been betrayed. My officers have been tampered with and-against all history and rationality-they have refused to fight for a woman but only for their old master. And, traitors that they are, they then let their old master be seized so that he cannot lead them in resistance.† She looked about for a chair and sat down. â€Å"And now the Empire must continue to decay and die when I was prepared to offer it new life.† â€Å"I think,† said Dors, â€Å"the Empire has avoided an indefinite period of useless fighting and destruction. Console yourself with that, Madam Mayor.† It was as though Rashelle did not hear her. â€Å"So many years of preparation destroyed in a night.† She sat there beaten, defeated, and seemed to have aged twenty years. Dors said, â€Å"It could scarcely have been done in a night. The suborning of your officers-if that took place-must have taken time.† â€Å"At that, Demerzel is a master and quite obviously I underestimated him. How he did it, I don’t know-threats, bribes, smooth and specious argument. He is a master at the art of stealth and betrayal-I should have known.† She went on after a pause. â€Å"If this was outright force on his part, I would have had no trouble destroying anything he sent against us. Who would think that Wye would be betrayed, that an oath of allegiance would be so lightly thrown aside?† Seldon said with automatic rationality, â€Å"But I imagine the oath was made not to you, but to your father.† â€Å"Nonsense,† said Rashelle vigorously. â€Å"When my father gave me the Mayoral office, as he was legally entitled to do, he automatically passed on to me any oaths of allegiance made to him. There is ample precedence for this. It is customary to have the oath repeated to the new ruler, but that is a ceremony only and not a legal requirement. My officers know that, though they choose to forget. They use my womanhood as an excuse because they quake in fear of Imperial vengeance that would never have come had they been staunch or tremble with greed for promised rewards they will surely never get-if I know Demerzel.† She turned sharply toward Seldon. â€Å"He wants you, you know. Demerzel struck at us for you.† Seldon started. â€Å"Why me?† â€Å"Don’t be a fool. For the same reason I wanted you†¦ to use you as a tool, of course.† She sighed. â€Å"At least I am not utterly betrayed. There are still loyal soldiers to be found.-Sergeant!† Sergeant Emmer Thalus entered with a soft cautious step that seemed incongruous, considering his size. His uniform was spruce, his long blond mustache fiercely curled. â€Å"Madam Mayor,† he said, drawing himself to attention with a snap. He was still, in appearance, the side of beef that Hari had named him-a man still following orders blindly, totally oblivious to the new and changed state of affairs. Rashelle smiled sadly at Raych. â€Å"And how are you, little Raych? I had meant to make something of you. It seems now I won’t be able to.† â€Å"Hello, Missus†¦ Madam,† said Raych awkwardly. â€Å"And to have made something of you too, Dr. Seldon,† said Rashelle, â€Å"and there also I must crave pardon. I cannot.† â€Å"For me, Madam, you need have no regrets.† â€Å"But I do. I cannot very well let Demerzel have you. That would be one victory too many for him and at least I can stop that.† â€Å"I would not work for him, Madam, I assure you, any more than I would have worked for you.† â€Å"It is not a matter of work. It is a matter of being used. Farewell, Dr. Seldon. Sergeant, blast him.† The sergeant drew his blaster at once and Dors, with a loud cry, lunged forward-but Seldon reached out for her and caught her by the elbow. He hung on desperately. â€Å"Stay back, Dors,† he shouted, â€Å"or he’ll kill you. He won’t kill me. You too, Raych. Stand back. Don’t move.† Seldon faced the sergeant. â€Å"You hesitate, Sergeant, because you know you cannot shoot. I might have killed you ten days ago, but I did not. And you gave me your word of honor at that time that you would protect me.† â€Å"What are you waiting for?† snapped Rashelle. â€Å"I said shoot him down, Sergeant.† Seldon said nothing more. He stood there while the sergeant, eyes bulging, held his blaster steady and pointed at Seldon’s head. â€Å"You have your order!† shrieked Rashelle. â€Å"I have your word,† said Seldon quietly. And Sergeant Thalus said in a choked tone, â€Å"Dishonored either way.† His hand fell and his blaster clanged to the floor. Rashelle cried out, â€Å"Then you too betray me.† Before Seldon could move or Dors free herself from his grip, Rashelle seized the blaster, turned it on the sergeant, and closed contact. Seldon had never seen anyone blasted before. Somehow, from the name of the weapon perhaps, he had expected a loud noise, an explosion of flesh and blood. This Wyan blaster, at least, did nothing of the sort. What mangling it did to the organs inside the sergeant’s chest Seldon could not tell but, without a change in expression, without a wince of pain, the sergeant crumbled and fell, dead beyond any doubt or any hope. And Rashelle turned the blaster on Seldon with a firmness that put to rest any hope for his own life beyond the next second. It was Raych, however, who jumped into action the moment the sergeant fell. Racing between Seldon and Rashelle, he waved his hands wildly. â€Å"Missus, Missus,† he called. â€Å"Don’t shoot.† For a moment, Rashelle looked confused. â€Å"Out of the way, Raych. I don’t want to hurt you.† That moment of hesitation was all Dors needed. Breaking loose violently, she plunged toward Rashelle with a long low dive. Rashelle went down with a cry and the blaster hit the ground a second time. Raych retrieved it. Seldon, with a deep and shuddering breath, said, â€Å"Raych, give that to me.† But Raych backed away. â€Å"Ya ain’t gonna kill her, are ya, Mister Seldon? She was nice to me.† â€Å"I won’t kill anyone, Raych,† said Seldon. â€Å"She killed the sergeant and would have killed me, but she didn’t shoot rather than hurt you and we’ll let her live for that.† It was Seldon, who now sat down, the blaster held loosely in his hand, while Dors removed the neuronic whip from the dead sergeant’s other holster. A new voice rang out. â€Å"I’ll take care of her now, Seldon.† Seldon looked up and in sudden joy said, â€Å"Hummin! Finally!† â€Å"I’m sorry it took so long, Seldon. I had a lot to do. How are you, Dr. Venabili? I take it this is Mannix’s daughter, Rashelle. But who is the boy?† â€Å"Raych is a young Dahlite friend of ours,† said Seldon. Soldiers were entering and, at a small gesture from Hummin, they lifted Rashelle respectfully. Dors, able to suspend her intent surveillance of the other woman, brushed at her clothes with her hands and smoothed her blouse. Seldon suddenly realized that he was still in his bathrobe. Rashelle, shaking herself loose from the soldiers with contempt, pointed to Hummin and said to Seldon, â€Å"Who is this?† Seldon said, â€Å"It is Chetter Hummin, a friend of mine and my protector on this planet.† â€Å"Your protector.† Rashelle laughed madly. â€Å"You fool! You idiot! That man is Demerzel and if you look at your Venabili woman, you will see from her face that she is perfectly aware of that. You have been trapped all along, far worse than ever you were with me!† 90. Hummin and Seldon sat at lunch that day, quite alone, a pall of quiet between them for the most part. It was toward the end of the meal that Seldon stirred and said in a lively voice, â€Å"Well, sir, how do I address you? I think of you as ‘Chester Hummin’ still, but even if I accept you in your other persona, I surely cannot address you as ‘Eto Demerzel.’ In that capacity, you have a title and I don’t know the proper usage. Instruct me.† The other said gravely, â€Å"Call me ‘Hummin’-if you don’t mind. Or ‘Chetter.’ Yes, I am Eto Demerzel, but with respect to you I am Hummin. As a matter of fact, the two are not distinct. I told you that the Empire is decaying and failing. I believe that to be true in both my capacities. I told you that I wanted psychohistory as a way of preventing that decay and failure or of bringing about a renewal and reinvigoration if the decay and failure must run its course. I believe that in both my capacities too.† â€Å"But you had me in your grip-I presume you were in the vicinity when I had my meeting with His Imperial Majesty.† â€Å"With Cleon. Yes, of course.† â€Å"And you might have spoken to me, then, exactly as you later did as Hummin.† â€Å"And accomplished what? As Demerzel, I have enormous tasks. I have to handle Cleon, a well-meaning but not very capable ruler, and prevent him, insofar as I can, from making mistakes. I have to do my bit in governing Trantor and the Empire too. And, as you see, I had to spend a great deal of time in preventing Wye from doing harm.† â€Å"Yes, I know,† murmured Seldon. â€Å"It wasn’t easy and I nearly lost out. I have spent years sparring carefully with Mannix, learning to understand his thinking and planning a countermove to his every move. I did not think, at any time, that while he was still alive he would pass on his powers to his daughter. I had not studied her and I was not prepared for her utter lack of caution. Unlike her father, she has been brought up to take power for granted and had no clear idea of its limitations. So she got you and forced me to act before I was quite ready.† â€Å"You almost lost me as a result. I faced the muzzle of a blaster twice.† â€Å"I know,† said Hummin, nodding. â€Å"And we might have lost you Upperside too-another accident I could not foresee.† â€Å"But you haven’t really answered my question. Why did you send me chasing all over the face of Trantor to escape from Demerzel when you yourself were Demerzel?† â€Å"You told Cleon that psychohistory was a purely theoretical concept, a kind of mathematical game that made no practical sense. That might indeed have been so, but if I approached you officially, I was sure you would merely have maintained your belief. Yet I was attracted to the notion of psychohistory. I wondered whether it might not be, after all, just a game. You must understand that I didn’t want merely to use you, I wanted a real and practical psychohistory. â€Å"So I sent you, as you put it, chasing all over the face of Trantor with the dreaded Demerzel close on your heels at all times. That, I felt, would concentrate your mind powerfully. It would make psychohistory something exciting and much more than a mathematical game. You would try to work it out for the sincere idealist Hummin, where you would not for the Imperial flunky Demerzel. Also, you would get a glimpse of various sides of Trantor and that too would be helpful-certainly more helpful than living in an ivory tower on a far-off planet, surrounded entirely by fellow mathematicians. Was I right? Have you made progress?† Seldon said, â€Å"In psychohistory? Yes, I did, Hummin. I thought you knew.† â€Å"How should I know?† â€Å"I told Dors.† â€Å"But you hadn’t told me. Nevertheless, you tell me so now. That is good news.† â€Å"Not entirely,† said Seldon. â€Å"I have made only the barest beginning. But it is a beginning.† â€Å"Is it the kind of beginning that can be explained to a nonmathematician?† â€Å"I think so. You see, Hummin, from the start I have seen psychohistory as a science that depends on the interaction of twenty-five million worlds, each with an average population of four thousand million. It’s too much. There’s no way of handling something that complex. If I was to succeed at all, if there was to be any way of finding a useful psychohistory, I would first have to find a simpler system. â€Å"So I thought I would go back in time and deal with a single world, a world that was the only one occupied by humanity in the dim age before the colonization of the Galaxy. In Mycogen they spoke of an original world of Aurora and in Dahl I heard word of an original world of Earth. I thought they might be the same world under different names, but they were sufficiently different in one key point, at least, to make that impossible. And it didn’t matter. So little was known of either one, and that little so obscured by myth and legend, that there was no hope of making use of psychohistory in connection with them.† He paused to sip at his cold juice, keeping his eyes firmly on Hummin’s face. Hummin said, â€Å"Well? What then?† â€Å"Meanwhile, Dors had told me something I call the hand-on-thigh story. It was of no innate significance, merely a humorous and entirely trivial tale. As a result, though, Dors mentioned the different sex mores on various worlds and in various sectors of Trantor. It occurred to me that she treated the different Trantorian sectors as though they were separate worlds. I thought, idly, that instead of twenty-five million different worlds, I had twenty-five million plus eight hundred to deal with. It seemed a trivial difference, so I forgot it and thought no more about it. â€Å"But as I traveled from the Imperial Sector to Streeling to Mycogen to Dahl to Wye, I observed for myself how different each was. The thought of Trantor-not as a world but as a complex of worlds-grew stronger, but still I didn’t see the crucial point. â€Å"It was only when I listened to Rashelle-you see, it was good that I was finally captured by Wye and it was good that Rashelle’s rashness drove her into the grandiose schemes that she imparted to me-When I listened to Rashelle, as I said, she told me that all she wanted was Trantor and some immediately adjacent worlds. It was an Empire in itself, she said, and dismissed the outer worlds as ‘distant nothings.’ â€Å"It was then that, in a moment, I saw what I must have been harboring in my hidden thoughts for a considerable time. On the one hand, Trantor possessed an extraordinarily complex social system, being a populous world made up of eight hundred smaller worlds. It was in itself a system complex enough to make psychohistory meaningful and yet it was simple enough, compared to the Empire as a whole, to make psychohistory perhaps practical. â€Å"And the Outer Worlds, the twenty-five million of them? They were ‘distant nothings.’ Of course, they affected Trantor and were affected by Trantor, but these were second-order effects. If I could make psychohistory work as a first approximation for Trantor alone, then the minor effects of the Outer Worlds could be added as later modifications. Do you see what I mean? I was searching for a single world on which to establish a practical science of psychohistory and I was searching for it in the far past, when all the time the single world I wanted was under my feet now.† Hummin said with obvious relief and pleasure, â€Å"Wonderful!† â€Å"But it’s all left to do, Hummin. I must study Trantor in sufficient detail. I must devise the necessary mathematics to deal with it. If I am lucky and live out a full lifetime, I may have the answers before I die. If not, my successors will have to follow me. Conceivably, the Empire may have fallen and splintered before psychohistory becomes a useful technique.† â€Å"I will do everything I can to help you.† â€Å"I know it,† said Seldon. â€Å"You trust me, then, despite the fact I am Demerzel?† â€Å"Entirely. Absolutely. But I do so because you are not Demerzel.† â€Å"But I am,† insisted Hummin. â€Å"But you are not. Your persona as Demerzel is as far removed from the truth as is your persona as Hummin.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Hummin’s eyes grew wide and he backed away slightly from Seldon. â€Å"I mean that you probably chose the name ‘Hummin’ out of a wry sense of what was fitting. ‘Hummin’ is a mispronunciation of ‘human,’ isn’t it?† Hummin made no response. He continued to stare at Seldon. And finally Seldon said, â€Å"Because you’re not human, are you, ‘Hummin/Demerzel’? You’re a robot.† How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 18 Overthrow, Essay examples

Occupational Choice Management Work and Society

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Choice Management for Work and Society. Answer: Introduction It refers to the contractual arrangement rather than a particular activity such as self-employment, entrepreneurs, and the factory workers. Many people for an extended period, the occupational choice continues to be regarded as the objective of the career development. Studies and practices have focused on the occupational choice or perhaps the career development, but not until more recent these types have been incorporated into the intricate conceptions of the career(Brown, 2002). Generally, the idea of the artistic option continues to be a relatively new occurrence. Not until the twentieth century most individuals occupations were generally contingent on their stations, which were the position in the society and their circumstances of their families. The occupations were often inherited and passed through their generations within the families. It has been particularly prevalent in most of the families in the English speaking countries(Walsh Osipow, 2014). The vestiges of this form of careers are very evident in the development of the dynasties that were traditionally associated with the property but more recently with the large firms in which the owners passed leadership on to their progeny across the generations (Ferrari, Nota Soresi, 2012). There have been an increase in the industrialization along with the sociological effects that have led to the significant alterations to the framework of the labor market, such as the decrease in the conventional occupations and the establishment of modern occupations which is related to the machine operation as well as enhanced urbanization. In the essay, presently there would be the examination of development and structural approaches to the idea of occupational choice(Brown, 2002). The utilization of these types of studies can help decrease or maybe manage the skepticism and even render much more accountable choices. Gradually have highlighted on the established of speculations in relation to the vocational advanceme nt. These types of studies offer the designs on numerous aspects which are involved with the career development. Based on (Brown, 2002)they displayed that the behavior sciences belong to the occupation development philosophy and they may be even now in the advancement stages. They identified that you have three aspects of the career assortment as self-knowledge, knowledge in the world of the world and legitimate thinking on interactions to the groups of facts(Walsh Osipow, 2014). There was significantly consideration which has highlighted the social flexibility into the elite occupations. In a country such as Britain , there have been an understanding that traditional high status professional such as law , engineering , medicine possess continued to be flagrantly elitist and they recruit a substantial number to individuals who have recently been knowledgeable privately or perhaps anyone who has heralded from the benefits of the class backgrounds(Walsh Osipow, 2014). Based on the medieval research of the surname perseverance among the graduate of Oxbridge graduated and holders of the best posi tions claims that the social status in Britain has recently been much more inherited compared to height. In accordance with the British sociology, there have been an extended as well as abundant tradition of study which has seemed on the movability into the elite occupations (Doepke Zilibotti, 2007). Nonetheless, in the latest decades, this line of the inquiry possesses died a curious demise. Great the huge part on it is because of the controversy which have turn out to be fixated on possibly the measurement of the flexibility or even the heated controversial over the generalization rates of the mobility as well as precisely how better to interpret them (Friedman, Laurison Miles, 2015). The early twentieth century was generally acknowledged by the interpersonal reformers for example Frank Parsons that the occupational choice constituted to an important way wherein individuals could improve their life situations (Davis, 1965). In case a person might be in a position to choose instead of inherit on their occupations , this might be an incredible chance for all of them to be able to bett er in everything according to their talent and motivation not merely on delivery or perhaps. Other individuals in the 20th Century saw the prospective of the occupational choice and opportunity as vital in the direction of the progression of disadvantaged groups such as the minorities, native individuals, as well and disabled. The bench mark that has been around on the occupational choice was that of matching features of individuals that had particular occupations (Friedman, Laurison Miles, 2015). The idea of the occupation was the progressive progression of an individual functioning life that is within the profession initially selected after the school leaving, university or perhaps college. In the event that an individual has a great match between their abilities and efficiency demands for an occupation, it could be most likely that the individual could be beneficial to work with that specific work. Development in the labor market analysis The determination of the salary continues to be the main concern in the work economics literature. The concentrate of the salary determination research is on the human capital theory, but it emphasizes that income should increase at a reducing rate with the level of education along with expertise. The latest work that was done by (Friedman, Laurison Miles, 2015) shows obviously that Mincer's models takes the wages to be fully realigned to make up for the variations in the features of Labour , each in the job along with people as expected by Smith . The capability of the wages to adjust might be constrained due to the number of different influences that is decided to effect on the earnings. The affects might be wages, unions, and other marketplace imperfections. The modeling of a person occupational choice bypasses on these problems as only various behavior is needed to alter and not on the wages to ensure that to observe the impact of the features of the labor market. On the first contemporary assessment on the occupational choice was done utilizing discrete choice econometrics by Boskin (1974) which was meticulously followed by study done by Strauss in 1975. The study carried out by Boskin was evaluation on the impact of an individual conditional wage which is based on the various effective features and returns for a particular occupation, on probability which an individual might choose that profession. On the study made by Strauss (1975), he studied on the impacts the aspects according to the human capital theory, for instance experience, education, as well as gender and the racial cluster cause to the person outcomes. In the latest study done by Bjerk (2007), pointed out on the arbitrary outcomes probit model of being in the white collar or maybe blue collar types of job and finds that education might have a positive consequence in the direction of the achievement of the white collar profession. It hence ought to be noted depending on Bjerks description of dichotomy differs substantially it is highlighted the real jobs and dangerous work instead of the manual and the non-manual occupations. Lately, the literature possesses analyzed these human capital effects to the numerous focusses. These could include effects on the income, functional outcome, gender and racial differences in the occupational outcomes. Further, according to (Santos, Paulo, Ferreira, and Gonalves (2014), the potential heterogeneity of the human capital could possibly include education, experience, and capability Structural approaches to occupational choice Various theories have been developed in aid of understanding on the occupational choice. According to Siow (1984) developed a classification system which was to provide an organizational basis on the understanding of the career development. The fundamental theories have focused on the characteristics of individuals as well as occupational tasks. The theoretical model builds on the foundation of Atrostic (1982). According to Artistic he examines the joint demand for the leisure and the nonpecuniary characteristic and theories on the individuals total compensation from employment. He found out that the sum of the money wage compensation and the compensation from the components of the job. The total compensation is usually constant, but the mix of the income for the salaries and the characteristics of the job varies significantly across different firms. When an individual is choosing a job, there is need to consider the utility-maximizing combination of both the wages and the features o f the job. Based upon the typology theory examines on the large data in regards to individuals different jobs and the data on the various work environments (Paglin Rufolo, 1990). This helps to suggest how these people make their career choices and how to achieve both job satisfaction and the vocational achievement. According to Holland, he highlighted that individuals could function as well as develop best and find a job that is satisfactory in the work environments which are majorly compatible with their personalities. People need to choose a position that reflects their personality. They need to know the job characteristics to be attracted to that job; the environment could think about their character. Gender segregation The occupational choices play a significant role towards determining earnings and success in the labor market. On the social structure perspective, the occupation reflects the socioeconomic status of the individuals (Hertzog, 2014). It has been well highlighted that majority of the women work in the limited number of professions that is characterized by proportionate high numbers of the female workers. The workers who have been in the female-dominated occupations earned less on average than the workers in traditionally male occupations (Janssen, van Vuuren de Jong, 2013). The occupational wages differential has been widely accepted as the partial examination for the pervasive gender pay gap. Much of the empirical research has focused on the occupational segregation by gender wage differential (Higgins Kram, 2001). The women employment tend to be concentrated in the small number of organization and have been confined to the range of the jobs that are regarded as women job. Moreover, in cases where the women have worked alongside the men they usually hold on the lower responsibility. The men are the employers, the managers, top professionals, supervisors and the skilled workers in the society in general. According to the review done by Equalities and Human Right Commission the women especially those who are working on part time jobs are concentrated in the low paying occupations of which means the part-time employment usually entails the occupational downgrading (Schoon Parsons, 2002). Having gender equality in the society is an indicator of progress on the social development. The gender in Hong Kong appears to be equal but, issues such as hidden sex discrimination is a common practice which has restricted on the elaboration of the women(Brown, 2002). The female managers are disproportionately responsible towards the domestic work. On the Equalities review (2007), highlights that one factor which can lead to the women inequality in the labor market are when th ey become mothers. Many of the research that have been done reflects that there is certainty an adverse relationship existent between the proportion female in the occupation and salary. Additionally, they can be littered with the issues that are related to the selection of bias that hails from the endogeneity of the occupational choice along with the work decisions to a person income (Lent, Brown Hackett, 2013). Additionally, many researches that had been completed in regards to the female contrary occupation earn much less as an assessment to other workers in other jobs (Tracey Hopkins, 2001). There has been 2 major economic theories which have been accustomed to look at on the occupational segregation and the resulting of the wage differential. They are the human capital and occupational crowding. Based on Hertzog and Christopher (2014) they constricted the human capital theory to concentrate primarily on the consequence of the irregular labor force involvement. They specifically proposed that the women foresee the period of absence which can invest in the output of the human capital and the acquired skills might depreciate throughout these spells of absence from the labor force (Hardin, Robitschek, Flores, Navarro Ashton, 2014). The inference of this is really because the women have a lot more intermittent involvement compared to the men (Forstenlechner, Selim, Baruch Madi, 2014). The women generally select occupations which have a reduced atrophy rate of the expertise as well as flatter earnings profiles. This means that the profit profile reduces on the penalty for the decline of the labor force and optimizes on the lifetime earnings of women. This has a reduced pertinent as a contrast to men. Developmental studies to occupational choices various developmental theories are actually designed to examine the concept of occupational choice. These theories explaining the career behavior offer the psychologist with a conceptual structure, and they express for the purposes in which career counseling, intervention should be implemented (Santos, Ferreira Gonalves, 2014). Among the development theory is the Ginzberg designed by Andres (2001), in which he looked at the workers choice as a lifelong process, with a focus on the early development. Depending on this theory the author outlines three distinct stages in the commercial choice process, and each is divided into sub-stages. During fantasy, it entails the work orientation as well as displays on the first preference for various kinds of activities. The second period was referred to as tentative (Ghatak Jiang, 2002). With this time it needed the persons to be a little more conscious of the needs of work and his or her expertise along with values and make decisions in relati on to professional. Individual ought to narrow their workers choices too handful of possibilities and make a commitment to select a job or perhaps enter a specialized training. Based on Brown (2002) the reemphasized that the occupational option is the lasting process for people who seek in attaining the main responsibility satisfaction (Siow, 1984). As adjustments in the functioning goals occur, a person ought to reassess how to develop the work environment. Further studies by Osiopow (2001) have suggested that the initial occupational choice is essentially converging as the empirical evidence in regards to the vocational behavior that is continuously accumulating. Some authors have identified the social and cultural shifts that have impacted on the work life. The notion of occupational choice is undergoing a significant paradigm shift from talking on this subject to the development through work and other roles in life. There are some reasons why there is a wage gap, especially in the UK (Erosa, 2001). The pay gap has resulted from a variety of forms from sex discrimination in the workplace, which could include the hiring, promotion and pay, and occupational segregation. The sexual harassment constitutes to the wage discrimination. After long and repeated sexual harassment, the women are forced to leave or perhaps lose their jobs (Santos, Ferreira Gonalves, 2014). Other causes of salaries disparities are undervaluing the female worker's suggestions which are often dismissed only discussed seriousness if it men. The analysis of the quote Based on the research, it is evident that occupational choice employs more of structural approach. The mix in the income of the salaries and the characteristics of the job usually various significantly in every organization (DeVellis, 2016). The difference in the disparities of the income is that some of the individuals are in the less paid sector within the set of the elite occupations. The doctors are the highest paid with an average of 78000 pounds and the teachers with a lower differential average income 13000 pounds (Burton, Srensen Dobrev, 2016). This clearly shows these individuals are in the elite occupations but their sector structure varies significantly. This is the reason you find the CEO, doctors, and the financial intermediaries salaries being more pronounced than the others in the semi-routine and routine background (Gutentag Gati, 2016). The structural approach to occupational choice asserts that the men and the women respond similar in regards to the available oppo rtunity. The capability of the income to adjust might be constrained due to the number of different influences that is decided to effect on the earnings. Conclusion The gender gap has existed over the years due to a variety of causes. These reasons are the difference in the choice of education, differences in the preferred jobs as well as industry, differences in the type of positions that has been held by men and women, and the kind of employment held by men as opposed to women, these factors resolves to more than 75% of pay gap. The development process of any country impact on the occupational choices of its labor force since the demand as well as the different type of employment changes. The essay has examined on the developmental and the structural approaches to occupational choice. References Brown, D. (2002). The role of work and cultural values in occupational choice, satisfaction, and success: A theoretical statement. Journal of counseling development 80, no. 1, 48-56. Burton, M. D., Srensen, J. B., Dobrev, S. D. (2016). A Careers Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(2), 237-247. Ferrari, L., Nota, L., Soresi, S. (2012). Evaluation of an intervention to foster time perspective and career decidedness in a group of Italian adolescents. The Career Development Quarterly, 60(1), 82-96. Friedman, S., Laurison, D., Miles, A. (2015). Breaking the class ceiling? Social mobility into Britain's elite occupations. The Sociological Review, 63(2), 259-289. Davis, J. A. (1965). Undergraduate career decisions: Correlates of occupational choice (Vol. 2). Aldine Pub. Co. DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications. Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2007). Occupational choice and the spirit of capitalism (No. w12917). National Bureau of Economic Research. Erosa, A. (2001). Financial intermediation and occupational choice in development. Review of Economic Dynamics, 4(2), 303-334. Forstenlechner, I., Selim, H. M., Baruch, Y., Madi, M. (2014). Career exploration andperceived employability within an emerging economy context. Human Resource Management, 53(1), 45-66. Ghatak, M., Jiang, N. N. H. (2002). A simple model of inequality, occupational choice, and development. Journal of development Economics, 69(1), 205-226. Gutentag, T., Gati, I. (2016). The consistency and structure of aspect-based career preferences.Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 33-46 Hardin, E. E., Robitschek, C., Flores, L. Y., Navarro, R. L., Ashton, M. W. (2014). The cultural lens approach to evaluating cultural validity of psychological theory. American Psychologist, 69(7), 656. Hertzog, C. (2014). On the utility of structural equation models for developmental research. Life- Span Devevelopment and Behavior, 10, 257. Higgins, M. C., Kram, K. E. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmentalnetwork perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 264-288. Janssen, S., van Vuuren, M., de Jong, M. D. (2013). Identifying support functions in developmental relationships: A self-determination perspective. Journal of vocational behavior, 82(1), 20-29. Paglin, M., Rufolo, A. M. (1990). Heterogeneous human capital, occupational choice, and male-female earnings differences. Journal of Labor Economics, 123-144. Santos, P. J., Ferreira, J. A., Gonalves, C. M. (2014). Indecisiveness and career indecision: A test of a theoretical model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 106-114. Schoon, I., Parsons, S. (2002). Teenage aspirations for future careers and occupational outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 262-288. Siow, A. (1984). Occupational choice under uncertainty. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 631-645. Tracey, T. J., Hopkins, N. (2001). Correspondence of interests and abilities with occupational choice. Journal of counseling psychology, 48(2), 178. Lent, R. W., Brown, S., Hackett, G. (2013). Career Development. Walsh, W. B., Osipow, S.H. (Eds.). (2014). Career decision making. Routledge.

Bettys Summer Vacation Details and Summary

Bettys Summer Vacation Details and Summary Christopher Durangs plays are well-known for addressing taboo content in a biting and humorous manner.  Betty’s Summer Vacation, with its  talk of incest, murder, mutilation, rape, â€Å"three ways,† exposing/flashing, and more, is no exception. Durang notes that his sometimes irreverent manner in dealing with these sensitive topics is meant to reveal to an audience just how far news and entertainment have gone in desensitizing people towards topics that should produce feelings of horror and revulsion, but which are now are glossed over alongside stories of the latest Hollywood scandals. He likens modern audiences to those in Ancient Rome who found entertainment in gladiator battles and sending Christians to fight lions. He writes: â€Å"But I’ve not written a documentary, I’ve written a play; and it’s a farcical play as well, in which we are not meant to EMPATHIZE with the characters the way one is meant to empathize with Blanche DuBois or Willy Loman; it’s more like following the stories of Candide and Cunnegonde in Candide, or the characters in a Joe Orton farce, or even the characters in a 1930s screwball comedy (though admittedly a dark one).† It may be jarring to read or experience a Durang play if you are unprepared for his style. But, Durang aims for â€Å"healing laughter† that comes from serious events that are now distant enough from an audience that when described in a particular manner can be found humorous. Plot Synopsis Betty is on summer vacation in a shared rental property with her friend Trudy, Trudy’s mother Mrs. Siezmagraff, Keith, and Buck. Trudy is a talkative young woman who grates on Betty’s nerves. Buck is an over-sexed lout and Keith just might be a serial killer with a head in a hatbox. Mrs. Siezmagraff is a codependent, Auntie Mame-ish wild woman.  She invites a homeless man, Mr. Vanislaw, to come over for the night as her date. Mr.Vanislaw is wearing a trench coat and sneakers and he flashes everyone in the house and alludes to his penis every chance he gets. Trudy and Betty beg Mrs. Siezmagraff to keep Mr. Vanislaw under control, but she refuses to acknowledge his lewd behavior just as she refused to acknowledge that her late husband molested Trudy. After a night of charades, Mrs. Siezmagraff and Mr. Vanislaw go out drinking. Mrs. Siezmagraff passes out on the floor and Mr. Vanislaw, mad that his date is no longer able to perform, goes in search of Trudy and rapes her. Afterwards Trudy is furious with her mother for allowing the man into their house and demands that she do something, but Mrs. Siezmagraff turns a blind eye and says, â€Å"Every time I get a husband or a boyfriend, Trudy’s always after them.† Trudy is enraged and grabs a kitchen knife and cuts off Mr. Vanislaw’s penis. Keith then cuts off his head. During these events there is canned laughter, similar to that of a laugh track, coming from the ceiling. At first it is sporadic and confusing to the characters, but eventually they become accustomed to the laughter and question why some line or action might get a laugh while others do not. Then the Voices in the ceiling start talking back to the characters and making requests. Those requests soon turn into demands. When Mrs. Siezmagraff calls 911 and the dispatcher tells her to bring Keith and Trudy to the police station, and Betty goes for a walk, and Buck leaves to find the towns’ easy widow, and there is no one left for the Voices to watch, they get frustrated and angry and crash through the ceiling and into the setting of the play. They are a three-headed monster of sorts. They have three different personalities, but share a connected body bound with wires and tubing. The Voices demand that Betty and the rest of the residents at the summer share put on a courtroom drama to entertain them. After an Oscar worthy performance by Mrs. Siezmagraff in which she plays defense attorney, abusive mother, and long lost Irish maid, The Voices pronounce Keith and Trudy innocent of all charges. However, The Voices won’t stop there. They want violence and more violence. They want Keith to cut off more heads and Trudy to cut off more penises. When Buck comes home, this is just what Keith and Trudy do, all the while bonding nicely over the gruesome experience. The Voices want more. They want Keith to blow up the house. Betty begs to escape and manages to run as Keith turns on the gas stove and pulls out a match. Production Details Setting: A nice seaside summer community - maybe somewhere on the New Jersey shore. Not a trendy, chic location. Time: Summer Cast Size: This play can accommodate 9 actors. Male Characters: 5 Female Characters: 4 Characters that could be played by either males or females: 0 Roles Betty is a reasonable young woman. She is the most normal of the group of characters assembled at the summer share. She feels pressured by her job and her mother and is looking for a relaxing vacation at the beach. Trudy uses words as medication. She speaks long and incessantly about anything and everything. She is not used to being listened to and is surprised when Betty or The Voices acknowledge her. She is desperate for attention. Keith is a quiet young man who is looking to be left alone. He had a troubled childhood similar to Trudy’s and learned to cope by cutting off people’s heads. Buck is a â€Å"lout-hunk.† He is sexist in a naà ¯ve way. He believes that all women want to be with him just as he wants to be with them. He prefers to get off about 20 times a day and feels in pain if he falls short of this number. Mrs. Siezmagraff is a grand old woman. She lives life in a large way with self-inflicted blinders. She refuses to see herself or her daughter as a victim, instead choosing to view Trudy as competition for the love/lust of despicable men. Mr. Vanislaw is a derelict who gets his jollies by exposing himself to women as often as possible. He is uncomplicated and unapologetic in his wants and desires. The Group of Voices are comprised of two men and one woman. They are a cross section of demographics that TV stations poll to see what America finds entertaining. Production/Character Notes In the script provided by Dramatists Play Service, Inc, Christopher Durang has notes for potential directors, actors, and producers. He writes about tone, character choices, the use of blood and much more. Any theatre or company looking to produce Betty’s Summer Vacation would find it useful to read and study these notes. Content Issues: Language, murder, violence, rape, incest, sex

USA became the most powerful economy in the world

During the 1920s, USA became the most powerful economy in the world, there are many reasons for this which will be explained in the main part of my essay. After the First World War Woodrow Wilson wanted to play a part in shaping the peace. He came up with 14 points, one of them was the idea of a League of Nations, and he wanted USA to play a leading role in world politics. Unfortunately his political position was already weak, the American senate was worried that this would permanently involve USA in European affairs and rejected the treaties, meaning that they never joined the League of Nations. This helped the American Economy as they did not have to spend money on armed forces there was no threat to them because of the natural barriers of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. They also had Mexico to the South and Canada to the North, both friendly countries, which left money for new industries, effectively putting America first.This leads on to the American governments views on how the extra money put toward new businesses was used. The attitudes of the American government towards business and industry The attitudes of the American government was to give the business leaders a free hand to make maximum profits, the regulations over businesses were minimised, the government was said to have been restored to its position as Umpire instead of player by Herbert Hoover in a speech during the presidential Election in 1928. This encouraged people to work hard as they kept most of what their profits, although due to the lack of regulations, a lot of people were exploited.Some people who were exploited more than the average American were immigrants. Between 1820 and 1920, over 35 million immigrants reached USA, most were from Britain and Northern Europe and were Protestant, but after 1880 more came from Eastern Europe, Japan and China, in the 1920s the ideal citizen wa...

Use of Aspirin Among Diabetics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Use of Aspirin Among Diabetics - Research Paper Example Not entirely. The subject was aspirin use among diabetics, a group known to benefit from such therapy. However, although much of the literature search included diabetes based studies, other pieces were of a more general nature, although still concerned with aspirin use, we're not concerned with this specific group. There is a section labeled ‘method’ but no such method is actually described. The researchers were presumably testing the correctness of the guidelines referred to from the Preventive Services Task Force, but this aim is not stated clearly. Only two studies were considered, although there are in fact plenty to choose from. Was the study well or poorly designed? As methods and aims were poorly defined if at all, it is impossible to tell if this study was well designed to meet its purpose. They quote evidence for instance of aspirin reducing the risk of coronary heart disease, but the evidence used is not specific to diabetics. The study setting was relevant? Only in the sense that the two papers under consideration were both concerned with diabetes and aspirin use. These studies were felt to be both inadequate and inconclusive so did not really add much of value to knowledge on this subject. If the participants were appropriately defined, selected representatively, followed? up without significant loss etc..? There were no participants to be considered, merely two earlier reports.

Legislative Proposal Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legislative Proposal Topic - Essay Example In addition, containers with a capacity less than 750 milliliters would not contain 4 liters of the beverage. Secondly, the current law prohibits transportation of alcoholic beverages that comes from industries outside Commonwealth according to part B. Such transportation limitation remains limited to less than four liters of beverage of one gallon especially when transit occurs in metric-sized containers (LIS 1 ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­). Based on part A2, alcoholic beverages other than wine and beer, four gallons, provided that not more than one gallon of that shall be in containers holding less than one-fifth of a gallon. If any part of alcoholic beverage in transit remains held in metric sized containers, the four gallons limitation shall be taken as 12 liters, with not more than 6 liters of that should thereof be containers having a capacity less than 750 milliliters. The proposal as mentioned in part B below, aims at increasing transit quantities. As aforementioned, the proposal for the part B of the law seeks to increase the amount of other alcohol such as spirits in transit within the state. For the beverage produced in common wealth, the amount transported at a time should increase limits from three liters to four liters. For alcohol produced outside the Commonwealth, quantity limit should increase to two galloons from current one gallon. The amendment will not change morality of taking alcohol or endanger society culture. Larger quantity purchase guarantees better discounts on the prices of alcohol gives clients. Citizens of Virginia will be able to buy and transport larger alcohol quantities hence will save large amount of money. In addition, liquor stores will make more return to raise livelihood of personnel working in the premises while at the same time remitting higher tax return to the government. The current law seems to be unfair in regulation spirits manufacturing companies’ products. The amendment will also improve social life of those organizing legal

Back To School Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Back To School Night - Essay Example followed by a question-answer session. This will give the parents a good understanding of the academic year ahead of the child and the role they have to play to make it a success. â€Å"Unfortunately both the quality and quantity of parental contacts with the school decline as children get older†, say Puma & others (Puma et al., Strong families, strong schools, US DOE, 1994) and point to the sharply contrasting statistics for the first graders and the seventh graders. They go on to add that involved parents help students to perform better academically, stay longer in school, and have better social skills. Teachman et al., also reinforce this view pointing out that, â€Å"†¦parent-child and parent-school interaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is related to dropping out of high school. (Teachman et al., Social Capital and the Generation of Human Capital, Social Forces, 1997) A child who routinely expects its parents to visit the school at least during the Back to School Nights, gets used to parents Back to school night is held within the first few days of the school re-opening and is followed by more such meets – each after the successive term examinations are held and the results announced. The second, third and the fourth meetings are indeed open house meetings to take stock of the progress of the child in the school along with discussing and implementing ways to improve performance. Back to school night is an event of the evening and night. This is a time of joy and relaxation coupled with establishing or renewing relationships between the parents and the teachers. The subsequent meetings are for more serious efforts involving in-depth discussions for which sufficient time is to be earmarked to cover all aspects of a child’s progress and for all children. Thus, they are best held commencing from the morning and continued till all the

Criminals are a product of their environment

Criminals are a product of their environment This essay will concern criminals in regards to their ecology. Ecological criminology is the observing of criminality, crime and victimization in relation to the area of individuals and organizations and how it forms and affects them. In broad terms crime is seen to evolve in pathological conditions of certain communities and areas. This association between crime and certain parts of a city namely areas with pathological conditions has a long past. Theorists such as Fregier (1840), Mayhew(1862) and The Chicago School of Sociology have contributed substantially to the debate of crime and the environment. Through Clifford Shaw and Henry McKays (1942) book  [1]  and other sociologist work such as Park and Burgess(1925)  [2]  comes the zonal hypothesis. It was found that cities develop concentric zones of life and activity. This is called this the concentric zone model. The model consist of five zones in the following order , the center is the Central business district, the transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses, low-class residential homes (inner suburbs), better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs) and the commuters zone. Baldwin and Bottoms also point out that offences are gathered nearby the city center According to Chicago School each district in concentric zones yields on something of the traits and abilities of the occupants. Through this knowledge it became known evident that there was a large amount of pathological behavior such as juvenile delinquency and alcoholism in the zone of transition. It also seems that the zone of transition adapted its own social organization such as cheaper rents, an unsettled population, and a few settled institutions and also tended to house recent peers of immigrants which seemed to yield the same forms of behavior including crime. Before one looks at the explanations of why the zone of transition is a problematic zone there are some methodological problems one must look at. There may be a distinction between the offence and the offender rate e.g. one person may be the cause of majority of specific crimes in a certain area. The rationality of authorized figures in relation to area based data may be brought into question. In the explanation given to define the zone of transition by the Chicago school it was alleged that the zone accommodated people unfamiliar to each other, urban life and to America also their surroundings seemed fluid which is also termed social disorganization. Social disorganization was based on three flexible elements such as poverty (unlike Sutherland which will be discussed further on), as the poor societies do not possess satisfactory funds to handle the difficulties occurring. The increase of residential mobility and racial diversity causes deterioration of community control through the deficiency of mutual beliefs which is viewed as permitting illicit conduct to advance and be transferred from one generation to the next. Similar to the social disorganization thesis Schuerman and Kobrin (1986) alleged a three phase procedure which denotes the evolving of high offender rate areas. These where shifts in land which meant increase in renting, changes in population which signified a decrease in people and increase in quantity of dissimilar beings as well as Changes in socio-economic statues which means additional inexperienced beings and advanced quantity of jobless people. In contrast to the idea that area of residence takes on character and quality of inhabitance, it is also noted that the inhabitants of an area take on characteristics and value of the area. This means the societal life of a zone can stimulus illicit inspiration. The societal life of a zone may have long term impact on the individuals personality, social activities, though processes a daily routines. As opposed to ideas such as certain areas influence individuals and vice versa, the theory of differential association according to Shaw and McKay, may illustrate how delinquent activities are ethnically transferred from one person to another. Edwin Sutherland (1924 and 1939) it was claimed that illicit conduct is cultured in contact through other individuals predominantly in intimate personal settings. This kind of knowledge not merely instructs the person about the detailed practices of performing delinquency, but similarly guides their drives, motives, attitudes and definitions of the law (Jones 2006). Wherever an individual is exposed to excess definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law they are more probable to turn out to be a criminal. The probability is ascertained by discrepancies in regularity, concentration, significance and period of the relationship. An exemplification of this is as Orcutt (1987) states that students were more likely to smoke marijuana if one of their four closest friends did. Alike Social disorganization Wolfgang and Ferracuti (1967) state that subcultures of violence can often be found in poor zones, they also state that individuals from such backgrounds learn positive approaches towards vehemence though a process of differential learning, association or identification. Wolfgang and Ferracuti also claim that such a procedure might aid to dispel any outlooks of culpability that might perhaps arise as of inside such individuals. The fortes of Sutherlands theory lay in its capability to demonstrate delinquencies are not related to poverty. For instance Sutherland applied the concept to white-collar and professional crime, asserting that people turn into white collar criminals since they became engaged into a business culture that deemed unlawful practices as lawful Sutherland reasoned that numerous clusters of people in civilization varied in their views as to what caused suitable conduct and out of this multiplicity of opinions, culture conflict turns into the most definite proof of the social disorganization within society, and an underlying cause of differential association. For the purpose of criticism and analysis in regards to the ideas given by the Chicago school of sociology, the image of urban life assumed by the Chicago school is no longer the same. This is because it assumes an even, unchanging landscape. An Additional reproach of the Chicago school is that British capitals post Second World War did not look like the Chicago concentric ring pattern due to people fleeing away from the citys in fear. The theory is also insubstantial on individuals as it doesnt institute enough for decisions made by individuals such as highly emotive crimes such as crimes of passion e.g. serial killer which doesnt associate with no one to learn his modus operandi also known as method of operating. Theorist such as Tittle et al. (1986) claim that it is not the mocking of specific methods or the learning of illicit outlooks that is significant, but the learning of enthusiasms to participate in delinquency that create distinct relations. McCarthy (1996) revealed compelling proof of tutelage in techniques of delinquency between homeless youths Haynie (2002) establish that the quantity of criminal contacts in a persons network not individual had a strong optimistic outcome on that characters following criminality, but was also a stronger effect than the contacts total levels of criminality. Meaning and individual which has more criminal minded friends then an individual which only has one extreme criminal friend is more likely to be influenced. In light of everything mentioned what can be understood is that different theorist have different views and ideas on factors and elements which condition a person to act in a criminal way. Therefore some theorist claim people are the product of certain areas whereas others believe that the areas are the product of the people living in it, which effectively means there is a two way presses going on. On the other hand some theorist believe that poverty is the underlining cause of delinquency where as some theorist believe that poverty plays no role and that it is merely the individuals motivation which is fuelled by engaging with delinquent people in an close intimate setting.

I Am Not a Lesbian (for now) :: Personal Narrative Writing

My mother is not a lesbian. Her fraternal twin, Marty, was a lesbian. Marty died of lung cancer when I was seven; she and my mother were thirty-four. My mother’s twin is a martyr in my family, the perfect child, the perfect person. She loved people; she was smart, athletic, active in the fight for women's rights. She taught me how to jump rope on Sanibel Island in Florida. It was windy, but that's all I remember. We went to Philadelphia for the memorial service. Suede, one of Marty's former lovers, played "From a Distance" on her synthesizer. Marty's body was cremated, but we never saw the ashes scattered because a huge snowstorm covered Pennsylvania the day after the service. We ate dinner in Marty's old house, which she shared with Bonnie, her lover at the time. My mother says my father cooked chicken, and Suede played the piano and guitar for us. She played "House at Pooh Corner" and "Peanut Butter and Jelly" for me and my little sister. The August after Marty died, I taught myself how to play "Happy Birthday" on the piano, for my mother. Mom's birthday always created of a huge amount of stress for every member of my family. My father, my younger sister, Cricket, and I, we labored. To make it perfect. On our birthdays, my mother pined and agonized to ensure that every detail went correctly, so the birthday person would be happy. The reservations at the restaurant, the number of party favors, the order of giving presents and playing games, all must be in line. And when something did not go as planned, she would be devastated; we would spend the whole day assuring her that the birthday had gone well, that it had not been ruined by a burnt cake. So when August eleventh rolled around, it was imperative that not a single thing upset her, that we not ruin her birthday. Cricket led Mom by the hand into the living room as I began to play. I only got to the part where it goes high with "happy birthday dear Jody" before I messed up. Pressed the wrong key; the interval was off. I burst into tears. Sobbing on the piano bench, bent over the tainted keys, I realized my mother had also begun to cry, with Cricket in her lap. The only other time I'd ever seen my mother shed a single tear was months before, at Marty's memorial service.

Competition Energy Drinks Essay

The beverage industry, like most food service industries in these economic times, faces many challenges. Not one company is excluded from the challenges of economic conditions, demographics, social and global forces, and regulatory, political, and legal factors. The global economic conditions affect the energy drink industry in many ways. This industry depends highly on the disposable income of its customers. People are very cautious with their money these days and if additional income does not exist to purchase these items, then the companies suffer. In recent projections, however, this does not seem to be the case. The global industry factors show a projected growth of $20 trillion in sales between 2009 and 2014, and demand for these alternative beverages is expected to increase globally as customer purchasing power increases. Social factors play an important part in the industry’s strategy, as well. With customers concerned with healthy lifestyles and exercise, the alternative beverage industry has increased sales in the last decade. Customers demanding low calorie, energy & vitamin-enhancing drinks turn to these types of beverages for their needs instead of carbonated soft drinks. Alternative drinks are consumed by a slim demographic. These products are generally used by young adults, college and high school students, athletes and exercise aficionados. Another branch of these drinks are the energy â€Å"shots,† which have become very popular in the last decade. With new legislation and changing regulations, it is very important for companies to stay abreast of all changes. There has been an increase in negative reports on what affects energy drinks have on people that use them, from high blood pressure to arrhythmia, which as forced some companies to include warning labels on their packaging. There is also a concern with the consumption of these drinks contributing to the obesity issue, many of these drinks contain high fructose corn syrup, and many additives that can contribute to weight gain if consumption is not limited. Competition is fierce in this industry; not only between the two biggest competitors, Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc., but also Red Bull GmbH, Hansen Natural Corporation and privately owned regional brands. The two major companies, Pepsi and Coca Cola, are strong competitors within the alternative beverage market and use both the introduction of new products as well as the introduction of existing products in new markets to increase sales. Pepsi has introduced several new products – Charge, Rebuild, and Defend – three new brands available to consumers interested in vitamin-enhanced drink alternatives. Pepsi has also recently agreed to distribute the â€Å"Rockstar† brand drinks in Canada and the United States. Coca-Cola Company’s strategy is to distribute their existing brands in the new markets of Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and other Asia/Pacific countries. In order to compete with these two major companies, Red Bull relies on sponsorships and promotion as well as celebrity endorsements. By using advertising in this manner, Red Bull is able to use its slogans and logos in a variety of ways to get their name out into the public. Hansen Natural Corporation utilizes a different approach to boost sales. This company increased their package size and still maintained a competitive price compared to Red Bull. Like Red Bull, Hansen also uses celebrity promotion and sponsorship as a marketing tool. This is not to say that PepsiCo Inc. and Coca-Cola Company do not utilize this method of advertising, as they both spend billions on advertising promotions, celebrity, and sporting endorsements. The competitive edge in this case lies with PepsiCo Inc. , whose sales of energy and alternative beverages have surpassed its competitors in the past few years. New entrants are not a strong competitive pressure for this industry. The dominating companies are unsurpassed in their strong brand names and great distribution channels. The industry is fully saturated. These factors make it difficult for new companies to compete against them. Any new company wanting to get into this industry would face high capital start-up expenditures and would surely fail due to the high cost. Substitution of products is also an area where the competitive force is low. With brand loyalty, the market for substitution is very low. Consumers want the brands they are used and won’t accept substitution. Suppliers for the industry do not hold much competitive pressure either. Suppliers to this industry are bottling equipment manufactures and secondary packaging suppliers. The suppliers have little bargaining power, as the two major brands own their own bottling centers. As discussed earlier, changes in this industry’s long-term growth rate is a positive one. Growth is high in this market and is expected to continue to grow. One of the reasons for this is the increasing globalization. Coke is expanding its operations to be more global as are some of its competitors. The changing spectrum of the customer base is not really a factor here. Most of the demographic has not changed much since the introduction of these alternative beverages. Marketing and innovation has to continue to grow so that the company can grow. Regulatory influences and government policy changes are a huge factor in this industry. As the customers call for increased legislation and regulation of the ingredients, the companies have to make adjustments to their drink formulas, and this could prove costly if not monitored closely. Society is constantly changing and this industry needs to transition with these changes. By the introduction of new products and the re-tooling of existing products, all of the competitors can be successful. This industry has several success factors, product marketing, product differentiation, brand name, a strong distribution network and the ability to adapt to change. PepsiCo Inc. and Coca-Cola Company have strong aspects of all of these factors which is what has made both of them so successful. PepsiCo Inc.has branched into the food market as well as remaining in the soft drink and alternative beverage markets. Coke has had a similar strategy and relies heavily on their brand name and product recognition. All of the companies have unique and successful marketing techniques such as sponsorships, promotions, and celebrity endorsements. In order to achieve a successful strategic plan, a company needs to establish a group of people to discuss the goals and objectives of their company, sometimes called a task force. The task force should then decide what the company’s goals and objectives are. By drafting Mission and Vision statements, this task force can begin to convey their goals and objectives. Strategic planning is an on-going task for every company. When a plan is established the implementation and monitoring phases begin. To be successful a company should be constantly monitoring its goals and objectives and changing them when the need arises. With competition so high in this industry, a strong strategic plan is critical. In viewing these companies one can see that their plans are very strong. In order to continue to grow and compete in this market all companies need to look forward at the changing times, attitudes and cultures. All of the companies in this market, as with any market, need to maintain their competitive advantage and find new and different ways to achieve it. A comprehensive action plan needs to be put into place and reviewed often. By doing this all companies have a better chance at keeping their competitive advantage and enjoying better profits for their shareholders.